Many scholars have recognized that there is a close connection between the authorship of the Johannine epistles and the authorship of the fourth Gospel. Kistemaker (197), for example, notes that there are many similarities in vocabulary and writing style; there also exist many similarities in content and expression. If it can be demonstrated that the letters were written by the same person who wrote the Gospel of John, then it would be appropriate to apply the arguments for the authorship of the
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